Figure 1: The first mayor of Miami, John B. Reilly
1896: City of Miami was established
It’s first mayor, John B. Reilly (Figure 1) was elected on July 28, 1896. The city of Miami
started as a farm and market town, surrounded by water and Everglades. It began to expand in
1896 when industrialist Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railroad down to Miami
and constructed the Royal Palm Hotel. This hotel grounds served as an introduction to the first
parks in Miami. The property had a large area of land by the hotel facing the bay where
community events were held. This area was improved with the addition of plants, a baseball
field, and a track. [1] [13]
1907: Deepwater access to Miami’s natural harbor was chartered
Miami Board of Trade chartered deepwater access to Miami’s natural harbor to open the city to
trade. [2]
1910: Park System
As the population of the city along with tourist visits began to increase in the 1910s and 20s, the
city developed a very introductory level park system to both promote and assist the development
of residential areas. Parks with recreational areas were used as a catalyst for the start of new
neighborhoods. [13]
It’s first mayor, John B. Reilly (Figure 1) was elected on July 28, 1896. The city of Miami
started as a farm and market town, surrounded by water and Everglades. It began to expand in
1896 when industrialist Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railroad down to Miami
and constructed the Royal Palm Hotel. This hotel grounds served as an introduction to the first
parks in Miami. The property had a large area of land by the hotel facing the bay where
community events were held. This area was improved with the addition of plants, a baseball
field, and a track. [1] [13]
1907: Deepwater access to Miami’s natural harbor was chartered
Miami Board of Trade chartered deepwater access to Miami’s natural harbor to open the city to
trade. [2]
1910: Park System
As the population of the city along with tourist visits began to increase in the 1910s and 20s, the
city developed a very introductory level park system to both promote and assist the development
of residential areas. Parks with recreational areas were used as a catalyst for the start of new
neighborhoods. [13]
Figure 2: The Great Miami Hurricane
1913: Landscape Preservation
With the growth of the city, there arose concerns on the preservation of natural landscapes. In 1913, naturalist Charles Torrey Simpson led a group of citizens who were concerned for the rapid loss of Miami’s landscape and proposed plans for a new city park in a property south of the Miami River. As evidence of the effect of growth, in the early 1920s, Flagler’s company planned to sell parts of the Royal Palm Hotel park for development. [13]
1915: Ralston City Beautiful Plan
Due to Miami’s fast growth, Councilman H.G. Ralston proposed a drafting a comprehensive masterplan for the city’s plan for future growth. Unfortunately, at first, the city could not afford the cost of this masterplan: $1500. [1] (Read More)
1922: Growing Support for Zoning Regulations in Miami
The Miami Chamber of Commerce endorsing the creation of a zoning code in Miami published an article regarding the need for zoning. [1]
1924: Bayfront Park
After the loss of this historic park, the city of Miami emphasized the importance of parks. In 1924, they began developing Bayfront Park. The city purchased land by the bay to create a park for the people to enjoy the beauty of the city with a yacht center, a bandshell, trees, gardens and ponds, and walkways throughout. One thing the city also embraced was keeping the city as green as possible by planting trees along streets in the city and in residential areas and even giving away free trees to residents. [13]
1926: Great Miami Hurricane
In the midst of Miami’s infrastructural and economic boom, a hurricane unexpectedly hit the city, killing 372 people and injuring 6000 people. (See Figure 2) [3] [5] (Read More)
With the growth of the city, there arose concerns on the preservation of natural landscapes. In 1913, naturalist Charles Torrey Simpson led a group of citizens who were concerned for the rapid loss of Miami’s landscape and proposed plans for a new city park in a property south of the Miami River. As evidence of the effect of growth, in the early 1920s, Flagler’s company planned to sell parts of the Royal Palm Hotel park for development. [13]
1915: Ralston City Beautiful Plan
Due to Miami’s fast growth, Councilman H.G. Ralston proposed a drafting a comprehensive masterplan for the city’s plan for future growth. Unfortunately, at first, the city could not afford the cost of this masterplan: $1500. [1] (Read More)
1922: Growing Support for Zoning Regulations in Miami
The Miami Chamber of Commerce endorsing the creation of a zoning code in Miami published an article regarding the need for zoning. [1]
1924: Bayfront Park
After the loss of this historic park, the city of Miami emphasized the importance of parks. In 1924, they began developing Bayfront Park. The city purchased land by the bay to create a park for the people to enjoy the beauty of the city with a yacht center, a bandshell, trees, gardens and ponds, and walkways throughout. One thing the city also embraced was keeping the city as green as possible by planting trees along streets in the city and in residential areas and even giving away free trees to residents. [13]
1926: Great Miami Hurricane
In the midst of Miami’s infrastructural and economic boom, a hurricane unexpectedly hit the city, killing 372 people and injuring 6000 people. (See Figure 2) [3] [5] (Read More)
Figure 3: Overtown, 1940's
|
1933: Overtown
In the late 19th and early 20th century, American and Caribbean Blacks migrated to Miami and contributed significant amount of labor to the city’s growth, for instance, at Henry Flagler’s Florida East Coast (FEC) Railroad Company. When they tried to settle down in the city, they were segregated severley by the widespread notion of racism and restricted to a neighborhood by the policies established by the Home Owners Loan Corporation. This federal agency was responsible keeping African Americans confined to living in “Overtown” (See Figure 3), previously known as “Colored Town”. [18] [16] (Read More) 1934: Miami’s First Zoning Ordinance On August 8, 1934, the Miami adopted its first zoning ordinance approved by City of Miami Commission. The ordinance was led by Frank Sterns who became Miami’s first zoning and planning director. Records suggest that the ordinance was amended around 5,000 times within 26 years of existence. [1] |
Figure 4: Cuban Refugees line up to be processed in the Freedom Tower, 1962
1937: Liberty Square was completed
Liberty Square, a housing that was exclusively for public African Americans was completed in 1937. [17] (Read More) See original document "Reaching for Utopia: The Origins of the Liberty Square Housing Project."
1959: First Wave of Cuban Refugees
The first wave of immigrants (See Figure 4) composed of political exiles opposing the Cuban government. After Cuba gained its independence, its government became an oppressive dictatorship, led by Fidel Castro. This caused upper class Cubans to flee to the United States in 1959-1962. This huge wave of immigrants caused the U.S. government to relocate newcomers in order to lighten South Miami’s financial burden and to ease up the influx’s social and political implications. [19]
1959: Grubstein v. Urban Renewal Agency of the City of Tampa
Florida Supreme Court rules that a “slum” can be taken by eminent domain and be sold to a
private investor for the purpose of private renewal if these properties are within a designated
urban renewal zone. Properties within the renewal zone may be sold to private investors if the
area is detrimental to public health and the community’s general morality and welfare. [6] (Read
More)
1960: Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance Approved
Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance was approved. This ordinance rezoned the city by dividing it in nine sections. The new ordinance affected over 30,000 people. This also enforced building
codes and rules regulating form and types of buildings. This ordinance also approved the
construction of I95/395 on Overtown, which was the only place African-Americans were allowed to purchase land. The construction of the freeway led to the forced displacement of thousands of people. [1] [7]
Liberty Square, a housing that was exclusively for public African Americans was completed in 1937. [17] (Read More) See original document "Reaching for Utopia: The Origins of the Liberty Square Housing Project."
1959: First Wave of Cuban Refugees
The first wave of immigrants (See Figure 4) composed of political exiles opposing the Cuban government. After Cuba gained its independence, its government became an oppressive dictatorship, led by Fidel Castro. This caused upper class Cubans to flee to the United States in 1959-1962. This huge wave of immigrants caused the U.S. government to relocate newcomers in order to lighten South Miami’s financial burden and to ease up the influx’s social and political implications. [19]
1959: Grubstein v. Urban Renewal Agency of the City of Tampa
Florida Supreme Court rules that a “slum” can be taken by eminent domain and be sold to a
private investor for the purpose of private renewal if these properties are within a designated
urban renewal zone. Properties within the renewal zone may be sold to private investors if the
area is detrimental to public health and the community’s general morality and welfare. [6] (Read
More)
1960: Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance Approved
Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance was approved. This ordinance rezoned the city by dividing it in nine sections. The new ordinance affected over 30,000 people. This also enforced building
codes and rules regulating form and types of buildings. This ordinance also approved the
construction of I95/395 on Overtown, which was the only place African-Americans were allowed to purchase land. The construction of the freeway led to the forced displacement of thousands of people. [1] [7]
Figure 5: Little Havana Boundaries, 2014
1960: Magic City Center Plan
Magic City Center Plan was approved. “The Magic City Center” in the name of the plan refers to the Central Business District, or CBD, in downtown Miami, Florida. As its title suggests, the Magic City Center Plan solely deals with the revitalization of the Central Business District in downtown Miami where the city was concerned about the decrease in its activities and growth as the center of the city. [11] (Read More)
1960: Metropolitan Transit Authority was established
MiamiDade County established MiamiDade Transit (MDT). MiamiDade County’s first bus lines were constructed and have evolved into Metrobus system over time under various administrations. [15]
1960s: “Little Havana”
Stretching miles from the west of Miami River, south of Overtown, “Little Havana” was born in the 1960’s due to the growth of Cuban population in the area. Little Havana became the social, economic and political center for Cuban exiles. [10] (Read More)
1965: Second Wave of Cuban Immigrants
The second wave of immigrants was consisted of the exiles’ relatives. After the fall of 1965, Castro announced that all Cubans with relatives in the United States are allowed leave the country through the port of Camarioca. Within one week of this announcement, 5,000 middle class Cubans fled. This caused the U.S. and Cuba to negotiate a more organized departure plan called, “ Freedom Airlift.” By 1973, the plan was able to transport 247,726 Cubans to the United States. [19]
Magic City Center Plan was approved. “The Magic City Center” in the name of the plan refers to the Central Business District, or CBD, in downtown Miami, Florida. As its title suggests, the Magic City Center Plan solely deals with the revitalization of the Central Business District in downtown Miami where the city was concerned about the decrease in its activities and growth as the center of the city. [11] (Read More)
1960: Metropolitan Transit Authority was established
MiamiDade County established MiamiDade Transit (MDT). MiamiDade County’s first bus lines were constructed and have evolved into Metrobus system over time under various administrations. [15]
1960s: “Little Havana”
Stretching miles from the west of Miami River, south of Overtown, “Little Havana” was born in the 1960’s due to the growth of Cuban population in the area. Little Havana became the social, economic and political center for Cuban exiles. [10] (Read More)
1965: Second Wave of Cuban Immigrants
The second wave of immigrants was consisted of the exiles’ relatives. After the fall of 1965, Castro announced that all Cubans with relatives in the United States are allowed leave the country through the port of Camarioca. Within one week of this announcement, 5,000 middle class Cubans fled. This caused the U.S. and Cuba to negotiate a more organized departure plan called, “ Freedom Airlift.” By 1973, the plan was able to transport 247,726 Cubans to the United States. [19]
Figure 6: Marielitos
1972: Transportation Modernization for Miami-Dade County
Miami-Dade county, the county of Florida that Miami is in, issued bonds to modernize transportation. Moreover, during the late 1970’s, the Metrorail system officially began its service with 17 stations. The Metrorail system travels only 25 miles on an elevated, double tracks. [12] [15]
1974: First Bicycle Plan was Completed
The first bicycle plan was completed in 1974 by the county but it was not carried out very far due to a lack of funding and other limitations. The city of Miami itself did not feel the need to make a plan of their own; they could just rely on and follow the plans made by the county. [12]
1976: Redevelopment of Little Havana
A nonprofit organization called Little Havana Development Authority (LHDA) was established to promote economic development in the area. Over $8 million was designated to redevelop the area. In 1978, the city’s planning department hired Jose Casanova, a Cuban-born architect, to lead the development projects in Little Havana. The redevelopment of Little Havana continued to grow as they hold festivals and beauty pageants. Cigar companies also contributed in Little Havana’s economic success. [10] (Read More)
1980: Mariel Boatlift
From April to October of 1980, Castro allowed to release 3,600 of political prisoners to be reunited to their family in the United States through the Mariel boatlift (See Figure 6). This made way for the third wave of immigrants. The sailors were forced to transport everyone whom Cuban officials put in their boats including what was then classified as social undesirables: nonpolitical criminals, mental patients and homosexuals. Contrary to common perceptions, however, most immigrants were working classmen.
Miami-Dade county, the county of Florida that Miami is in, issued bonds to modernize transportation. Moreover, during the late 1970’s, the Metrorail system officially began its service with 17 stations. The Metrorail system travels only 25 miles on an elevated, double tracks. [12] [15]
1974: First Bicycle Plan was Completed
The first bicycle plan was completed in 1974 by the county but it was not carried out very far due to a lack of funding and other limitations. The city of Miami itself did not feel the need to make a plan of their own; they could just rely on and follow the plans made by the county. [12]
1976: Redevelopment of Little Havana
A nonprofit organization called Little Havana Development Authority (LHDA) was established to promote economic development in the area. Over $8 million was designated to redevelop the area. In 1978, the city’s planning department hired Jose Casanova, a Cuban-born architect, to lead the development projects in Little Havana. The redevelopment of Little Havana continued to grow as they hold festivals and beauty pageants. Cigar companies also contributed in Little Havana’s economic success. [10] (Read More)
1980: Mariel Boatlift
From April to October of 1980, Castro allowed to release 3,600 of political prisoners to be reunited to their family in the United States through the Mariel boatlift (See Figure 6). This made way for the third wave of immigrants. The sailors were forced to transport everyone whom Cuban officials put in their boats including what was then classified as social undesirables: nonpolitical criminals, mental patients and homosexuals. Contrary to common perceptions, however, most immigrants were working classmen.
Figure 7: Miami News, May 20, 1980
1980: Overtown Riot
A riot broke off in Miami on May 1980, where 18 people died, 1,100 people were arrested and $80 million worth of property was damaged. This was sparked by failure to convict five police officers who stopped a black businessman, Arthur McDuffie, for a traffic violation, then beaten him to death. [8] (Read More)
1980: Duany PlaterZybek Architects and TownPlanners (DPZ) in Miami
DPZ is an architecture and townplanning firm that was founded in Miami in 1980. Specializing in new urbanist townplanning, this company was established by husband and wife Duany and PlaterZybek. The foundation of this firm increased the development of “regional and downtown plans, new towns, urban infill, villages and resort villages, transitoriented development, suburban retrofits, campuses, housing, affordable housing and civic buildings.“ [9]
1981: Extension of I95
1956 plan for the Florida State Road Department was enacted. The new expressway, I95, took up twenty square blocks of densely settled land. This expressway ripped through the center of Overtown dislocating about 10,000 people. [14] (Read More)
A riot broke off in Miami on May 1980, where 18 people died, 1,100 people were arrested and $80 million worth of property was damaged. This was sparked by failure to convict five police officers who stopped a black businessman, Arthur McDuffie, for a traffic violation, then beaten him to death. [8] (Read More)
1980: Duany PlaterZybek Architects and TownPlanners (DPZ) in Miami
DPZ is an architecture and townplanning firm that was founded in Miami in 1980. Specializing in new urbanist townplanning, this company was established by husband and wife Duany and PlaterZybek. The foundation of this firm increased the development of “regional and downtown plans, new towns, urban infill, villages and resort villages, transitoriented development, suburban retrofits, campuses, housing, affordable housing and civic buildings.“ [9]
1981: Extension of I95
1956 plan for the Florida State Road Department was enacted. The new expressway, I95, took up twenty square blocks of densely settled land. This expressway ripped through the center of Overtown dislocating about 10,000 people. [14] (Read More)
Figure 8: Miami Metromover, 1983
1982: Zoning Ordinance 9500
After eight years of drafting, Zoning Ordinance 9500 was adopted. This introduced the idea of mixed-use, which was used as a model by many other cities. This idea was so innovative that Miami was awarded by the Gold Coast Chapter of the American Planning Association (APA). [1]
1983: Metromover
The Metro-Dade Transportation Administration contracted Inc. of Framingham, Massachusetts to build the 1.9 miles guideway for Metromover in 1983. [15]
1984: Miami Planning Commission approves Latin Quarter
Miami Planning Commission approves the plan to turn 60 square blocks of Little Havana into tourist destination. Jose Casanova, Little Havana ambassador, created a Latin Quarter Review Board in order to ensure that all constructions and alterations conformed to Latin Quarter regulations that helped boost the current district’s Latino “feel.” [10]
After eight years of drafting, Zoning Ordinance 9500 was adopted. This introduced the idea of mixed-use, which was used as a model by many other cities. This idea was so innovative that Miami was awarded by the Gold Coast Chapter of the American Planning Association (APA). [1]
1983: Metromover
The Metro-Dade Transportation Administration contracted Inc. of Framingham, Massachusetts to build the 1.9 miles guideway for Metromover in 1983. [15]
1984: Miami Planning Commission approves Latin Quarter
Miami Planning Commission approves the plan to turn 60 square blocks of Little Havana into tourist destination. Jose Casanova, Little Havana ambassador, created a Latin Quarter Review Board in order to ensure that all constructions and alterations conformed to Latin Quarter regulations that helped boost the current district’s Latino “feel.” [10]
Figure 9: Hurricane Andrew hits Miami, August 1992
1989: Fourth Wave of Cuban Immigrants
The fourth wave of Cuban immigrants fled from 1989 to the early 21st century. This composed of individuals who were seeking better economic conditions. They made makeshift rafts or balsas, giving them the name “balseros.” In order to better the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba, Castro made a policy ordering for the arrest of Cubans who are escaping the island by the sea. This drove the U.S. government to treat Cuban immigrants as “normal” immigrants and not as refugees. Since then, Cuban immigration followed normal immigration procedures, issuing 20,000 visas per year. [19]
1990: Zoning Ordinance 11000
Zoning Ordinance 9500 was replaced by Zoning Ordinance 11000. This ordinance addressed issues with residential and business parking requirements. This new ordinance also increased the setback for front lawns from 10 feet to 20 feet. It also included subsidized housing incentive for developers. [1]
1992: Hurricane Andrew hits Miami
Hurricane Andrew catalyzed property vacancy and abandonment in its impact area causing succession of vacancy and abandonment in neighborhoods over time. [4] (Read More)
2009: Miami 21: Miami of the 21st Century Plan
Focusing on six elements: zoning, economic development, historic preservation parks and open spaces, arts and culture, and transportation, Miami employed a more holistic approach to land use and urban planning. Miami aims to make each area in the city a unique and cultivating space to live, learn, work and play. [1]
2015: Cuba and the United States begin to normalize diplomatic relations
The fourth wave of Cuban immigrants fled from 1989 to the early 21st century. This composed of individuals who were seeking better economic conditions. They made makeshift rafts or balsas, giving them the name “balseros.” In order to better the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba, Castro made a policy ordering for the arrest of Cubans who are escaping the island by the sea. This drove the U.S. government to treat Cuban immigrants as “normal” immigrants and not as refugees. Since then, Cuban immigration followed normal immigration procedures, issuing 20,000 visas per year. [19]
1990: Zoning Ordinance 11000
Zoning Ordinance 9500 was replaced by Zoning Ordinance 11000. This ordinance addressed issues with residential and business parking requirements. This new ordinance also increased the setback for front lawns from 10 feet to 20 feet. It also included subsidized housing incentive for developers. [1]
1992: Hurricane Andrew hits Miami
Hurricane Andrew catalyzed property vacancy and abandonment in its impact area causing succession of vacancy and abandonment in neighborhoods over time. [4] (Read More)
2009: Miami 21: Miami of the 21st Century Plan
Focusing on six elements: zoning, economic development, historic preservation parks and open spaces, arts and culture, and transportation, Miami employed a more holistic approach to land use and urban planning. Miami aims to make each area in the city a unique and cultivating space to live, learn, work and play. [1]
2015: Cuba and the United States begin to normalize diplomatic relations
Sources:
[1] Miami 21: Your City, Your Plan. (2015). Miami’s Zoning History. Retrieved from http://www.miami21.org/ Miami_Zoning_History.asp
[2] Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce . (2011). History and Accomplishments. Retrieved from https://www.miamichamber.com/about/historyaccomplishments
[3] Emanuel, K. A. (2005). Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4] Zhang, Y. (2012). Will natural disasters accelerate neighborhood decline? A discretetime hazard analysis of residential property vacancy and abandonment before and after Hurricane Andrew in MiamiDade County (1991–2000). Environment and Planning B: Planning and
Design 2012, volume 39, pages 1084 – 1104.
[5] National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Miami – South Florida. (2014). Great Miami Hurricane. Retrieved from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/.
[6] Connolly, N. D. B., (2008). By Eminent Domain: Race and Capital in the Building of an American South Florida. Michigan: University of Michigan.
[7] Green, N. (2013, September 24). How I95 Shattered The World Of Miami's Early Overtown Residents. WLRN. Retrieved from http://wlrn.org/post/howi95shatteredworldmiamisearly-overtownresidents
[8] Porter, B., & Dunn, M. (1984). Miami riot of 1980: crossing the bounds. Miami Riot Of 1980: Crossing The Bounds, NoPg.
[9] Duany PlaterZyberk & Company. (2015, April 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:57, August 19, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duany_Plater-Zyberk_%26_Company&oldid=658947501
[10] Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
[11] Metropolitan Dade County, City of Miami. Magic City Center Plan For Action. (State University Libraries of Florida, 1960). accessed August 28, 2015. http://digitool.fcla.edu/
[12] The Street Plans Collaborative. Miami Bicycle Master Plan. http://www.miamigov.com/bicycleInitiatives/docs/Final_MBMP.pdf. September 2009.
[13] The City of Miami Parks & Recreation Department and Planning Department. Miami Parks and Public Spaces Master Plan. http://www.miamigov.com/planning/docs/plans/MP/Parks_Master_Plan.pdf. May 2007.
[14] Mohl, A. R. (1989). Shadows in the Sunshine: Race and Ethnicity in Miami. Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, vol. 49, pages 6380. http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu
[15] “MiamiDade Transit History” last edited March 13, 2015, http://www.miamidade.gov /tran sit/history.asp
[16] Mohl, Raymond A. “The Second Ghetto Thesis and The Power of History.” 243. America:History & Life. Wed. 17 Aug 2015
[17] Mohl, Raymond A. “Whitening Miami: Race, Housing and Government Policy in TwentiethCenttury Dade County.” The Florida Historical Quarterly. Vol. 79, No. 3, Reconsidering Race Relations in Early TwentiethCentury Florida (Winter, 2001) , pp. 319345. Published by: Florida Historical Society. : http://www.jstor.org/stable/30150856
[18] “Overtown Community”. University of Miami Libraries: Special Collections. Accessed 28 August, 2015 http://library.miami.edu/specialcollections/ohp/communitiesovertown/
[19] Cuban Immigrants. 2015. Immigration to the United States. Retrieved 12:37 August 27, 2015, from http://immigrationtounitedstates.org.
Images:
Figure 1: Kleinberg, H., & Parks, A. M. (2013). Legendary locals of Greater Miami, Florida. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing
Figure 2: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Miami – South Florida. (2014). Great Miami Hurricane. Retrieved from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/
Figure 3: Little, J. (2014). Neighborhood Transformation: South Florida Community Redevelopment. Retrieved 1:49 August 27, 2015, from http://www.housingissues.org/sendmail.php
Figure 4: Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
Figure 5: Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
Figure 6: Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. (2015). A Flood of Cuban Migrants--The Mariel Boatlift, April-October 1980. Retrieved from http://adst.org/2015/04/a-flood-of-cuban-migrants-the-mariel-boatlift-april-october-1980/
Figure 7: Miami Archives. (2010). McDuffie Riots - May 1980. Retrieved from http://miamiarchives.blogspot.com/2010/04/mcduffie-riots-may-1980.html
Figure 8: Henderson, C. (2015). Chapter 24: NEW PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY. Retrieved from http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/11877/Chapter_24.htm
Figure 9: The Learning Network. (2011). Hurricane Andrew Ravages Southern Florida. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/24/aug-24-1992-hurricane-andrew-ravages-southern-florida/?_r=0
[1] Miami 21: Your City, Your Plan. (2015). Miami’s Zoning History. Retrieved from http://www.miami21.org/ Miami_Zoning_History.asp
[2] Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce . (2011). History and Accomplishments. Retrieved from https://www.miamichamber.com/about/historyaccomplishments
[3] Emanuel, K. A. (2005). Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4] Zhang, Y. (2012). Will natural disasters accelerate neighborhood decline? A discretetime hazard analysis of residential property vacancy and abandonment before and after Hurricane Andrew in MiamiDade County (1991–2000). Environment and Planning B: Planning and
Design 2012, volume 39, pages 1084 – 1104.
[5] National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Miami – South Florida. (2014). Great Miami Hurricane. Retrieved from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/.
[6] Connolly, N. D. B., (2008). By Eminent Domain: Race and Capital in the Building of an American South Florida. Michigan: University of Michigan.
[7] Green, N. (2013, September 24). How I95 Shattered The World Of Miami's Early Overtown Residents. WLRN. Retrieved from http://wlrn.org/post/howi95shatteredworldmiamisearly-overtownresidents
[8] Porter, B., & Dunn, M. (1984). Miami riot of 1980: crossing the bounds. Miami Riot Of 1980: Crossing The Bounds, NoPg.
[9] Duany PlaterZyberk & Company. (2015, April 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:57, August 19, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duany_Plater-Zyberk_%26_Company&oldid=658947501
[10] Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
[11] Metropolitan Dade County, City of Miami. Magic City Center Plan For Action. (State University Libraries of Florida, 1960). accessed August 28, 2015. http://digitool.fcla.edu/
[12] The Street Plans Collaborative. Miami Bicycle Master Plan. http://www.miamigov.com/bicycleInitiatives/docs/Final_MBMP.pdf. September 2009.
[13] The City of Miami Parks & Recreation Department and Planning Department. Miami Parks and Public Spaces Master Plan. http://www.miamigov.com/planning/docs/plans/MP/Parks_Master_Plan.pdf. May 2007.
[14] Mohl, A. R. (1989). Shadows in the Sunshine: Race and Ethnicity in Miami. Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, vol. 49, pages 6380. http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu
[15] “MiamiDade Transit History” last edited March 13, 2015, http://www.miamidade.gov /tran sit/history.asp
[16] Mohl, Raymond A. “The Second Ghetto Thesis and The Power of History.” 243. America:History & Life. Wed. 17 Aug 2015
[17] Mohl, Raymond A. “Whitening Miami: Race, Housing and Government Policy in TwentiethCenttury Dade County.” The Florida Historical Quarterly. Vol. 79, No. 3, Reconsidering Race Relations in Early TwentiethCentury Florida (Winter, 2001) , pp. 319345. Published by: Florida Historical Society. : http://www.jstor.org/stable/30150856
[18] “Overtown Community”. University of Miami Libraries: Special Collections. Accessed 28 August, 2015 http://library.miami.edu/specialcollections/ohp/communitiesovertown/
[19] Cuban Immigrants. 2015. Immigration to the United States. Retrieved 12:37 August 27, 2015, from http://immigrationtounitedstates.org.
Images:
Figure 1: Kleinberg, H., & Parks, A. M. (2013). Legendary locals of Greater Miami, Florida. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing
Figure 2: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office: Miami – South Florida. (2014). Great Miami Hurricane. Retrieved from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/
Figure 3: Little, J. (2014). Neighborhood Transformation: South Florida Community Redevelopment. Retrieved 1:49 August 27, 2015, from http://www.housingissues.org/sendmail.php
Figure 4: Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
Figure 5: Grenier, G. J., & Moebius, C. J. (2015). A History of Little Havana. Charlston, SC: The History Press.
Figure 6: Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. (2015). A Flood of Cuban Migrants--The Mariel Boatlift, April-October 1980. Retrieved from http://adst.org/2015/04/a-flood-of-cuban-migrants-the-mariel-boatlift-april-october-1980/
Figure 7: Miami Archives. (2010). McDuffie Riots - May 1980. Retrieved from http://miamiarchives.blogspot.com/2010/04/mcduffie-riots-may-1980.html
Figure 8: Henderson, C. (2015). Chapter 24: NEW PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY. Retrieved from http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/11877/Chapter_24.htm
Figure 9: The Learning Network. (2011). Hurricane Andrew Ravages Southern Florida. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/24/aug-24-1992-hurricane-andrew-ravages-southern-florida/?_r=0
